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譯者:白禮源醫師
 
 
膽囊癌(Gallbladder Cancer)
 

前言:

膽囊癌的發生率約為每10萬人年有一人,平均五年的存活率為13.7%。病理上82%為腺癌

危險因子:

膽結石(尤其超過3公分直徑)、慢性類傷寒或副類傷寒的帶原者(chronic typhoid or paratyphoid carrier)、大於1公分的膽囊息肉、石灰化膽囊(porcelein GB)。


臨床症狀:

右上腹部疼痛、黃疸、食慾不佳、體重下降、發燒。

診斷:

超音波為首選工具。核磁共振雖然比較敏感,但是花費高。CEA、CA199無甚價值

分期:

TNM Staging for Primary Neoplasms of the Gallbladder

Primary Tumor (T)

TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0
No evidence of primary tumor
Tis
Carcinoma in situ
T1
Tumor invades lamina propria or muscle layer
T1a   Tumor invades lamina propria
T1b   Tumor invades muscle layer
T2
Tumor invades perimuscular connective tissue; no extension beyond serosa or into liver
T3
Tumor perforates the serosa (visceral peritoneum) or directly invades one adjacent organ, or both (extension 2 cm or less into liver)
T4
Tumor extends more than 2 cm intoliver, and/or into two or more adjacent organs (stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, omentum, extrahepatic bile ducts, any involvement of liver)
Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 No regional lymph node metastasis
N1 Metastasis in cystic duct, pericholedochal and/or hilar lymph nodes (i.e., in the hepatoduodenal ligament)
N2 Metastasis in peripancreatic (head only), periduodenal, periportal, celiac, and/or superior mesenteric lymph nodes
Distant Metastasis (M)
MX Distant metastasis cannot be assessed
M0 No distant metastasis
M1 Distant metastasis
Stage Grouping

Stage 0

Tis
N0
M0
Stage I
T1
N0
M0
Stage II
T2
N0
M0
Stage III
T1
N1
M0
T2
N1
M0
 
T3
N0
M0
T3
N1
M0
Stage IVA
T4
N0
M0
Stage IVB
Any T
N2
M0
Any T
Any N
M1

治療:

手術治療:

約僅20-30% 的膽囊癌患者可接受手術治療
Stage 0、I-laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Stage II、III-radical cholecystectomy

放射治療:

因為手術有些病人會局部復發,所以有人加上放射治療。放射治療用於手術後,發現subserosal侵犯,positive margin或淋巴結轉移的患者,發現可以延長overall survival。放射治療也可用於無法手術的病人。

化學治療:效果不佳


膽管癌(Bile Duct Carcinoma)

前言:

膽管癌多發生於60-80歲,男性較多。
肝內膽管癌佔35%,但是預後較差,5年overall survival僅2.8%
肝外膽管癌佔65%,5年overall survival為17%

危險因子:

包括膽結石、primary sclerosing cholangitis、ulcerative colitis、肝吸蟲感染(Clonorchis sinensis)、多囊性疾病(polycystic disease)等。

臨床表現:

90%的人有阻塞性黃疸,1/3的人有疼痛表現,其他尚有皮膚癢、胃口不好、體重下降等。

診斷:

診斷工具包括超音波、CT、MRCP和ERCP。CA199可當作患者的追蹤(follow up),也可用於PSC(primary sclerosing cholangitis)病人是否罹患膽管癌的篩選工具(screening)。

分期:TNM Staging for Primary Neoplasms of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Primary Tumor (T)
TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0
No evidence of primary tumor
Tis
Carcinoma in situ
T1
Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue or fibromuscular layer
T1a
Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue
T1b
Tumor invades fibromuscular layer
T2
Tumor invades perifibromuscular connective tissue
T3
Tumor invades adjacent structures: liver, pancrease, duodenum, gallbladder, colon, stomach
Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
NX
Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0
No regional lymph node metastasis
N1
Metastasis in cystic duct, pericholedochal and/or hilar lymph nodes (i.e., in the hepatoduodenal ligament)
N2
Metastasis in peripancreatic (head only), periduodenal, periportal, celiac, and/or superior mesenteric and/or posterior pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes
Distant Metastasis (M)
MX
Distant metastasis cannot be assessed
M0
No distant metastasis
M1
Distant metastasis
Stage Grouping

Stage 0

Tis
N0
M0
Stage I
T1
N0
M0
Stage II
T2
N0
M0
Stage III
T1
N1
M0
T1
N2
M0

T2

N1
M0
T2
N2
M0
Stage IVA
T3
Any N
M0
Stage IVB
Any T
Any N
M1

治療:
一、肝內膽管癌:
(1) Resectable:切除後若無殘餘病灶,可追蹤。若有殘餘病灶,可考
慮再切除,或放射治療,或放射治療加上化學
治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine),治療後追蹤。
(2) Unresectable:放射治療,或放射治療加上化學治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine),或cryotherapy,或radiofrequency ablation。
(3) Metastasis:化學治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine),或臨床試驗,或支持性療法。

二、肝外膽管癌:
(1) Resectable:手術切除,若
1. negative margin-觀察或chemoradiotherapy
2. positive margin-chemoradiotherapy (5FU)

* Huskell: adjuvant 放射治療的成效各家報導不一,如EORTC認為可以延長median survival,但是John Hopkins 的研究認為無所裨益。至於chemoradiotherapy也有人認為不比單獨放射治療好。

(2) Unresectable: 需要先作膽汁引流。然後接受chemoradiotherapy (5FU)、化學治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine)、臨床試驗或支持療法。

(3) Metastasis:膽汁引流,然後接受化學治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine)、臨床試驗、或支持療法。

 
 
登錄時間:93年3月26日