前言:
膽囊癌的發生率約為每10萬人年有一人,平均五年的存活率為13.7%。病理上82%為腺癌
危險因子:
膽結石(尤其超過3公分直徑)、慢性類傷寒或副類傷寒的帶原者(chronic typhoid or paratyphoid carrier)、大於1公分的膽囊息肉、石灰化膽囊(porcelein
GB)。
臨床症狀:
右上腹部疼痛、黃疸、食慾不佳、體重下降、發燒。
診斷:
超音波為首選工具。核磁共振雖然比較敏感,但是花費高。CEA、CA199無甚價值
分期:
TNM Staging
for Primary Neoplasms of the Gallbladder |
Primary Tumor (T)
|
TX
|
Primary
tumor cannot be assessed |
T0
|
No evidence of
primary tumor |
Tis
|
Carcinoma in
situ |
T1
|
Tumor invades
lamina propria or muscle layer |
|
T1a Tumor invades
lamina propria |
|
T1b Tumor invades
muscle layer |
T2
|
Tumor invades
perimuscular connective tissue; no extension beyond serosa or
into liver |
T3
|
Tumor perforates
the serosa (visceral peritoneum) or directly invades one adjacent
organ, or both (extension 2 cm or less into liver) |
T4
|
Tumor extends
more than 2 cm intoliver, and/or into two or more adjacent organs
(stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, omentum, extrahepatic bile
ducts, any involvement of liver) |
Regional
Lymph Nodes (N) |
NX |
Regional
lymph nodes cannot be assessed |
N0 |
No regional lymph
node metastasis |
N1 |
Metastasis in
cystic duct, pericholedochal and/or hilar lymph nodes (i.e.,
in the hepatoduodenal ligament) |
N2 |
Metastasis in
peripancreatic (head only), periduodenal, periportal, celiac,
and/or superior mesenteric lymph nodes |
Distant Metastasis
(M) |
MX |
Distant metastasis
cannot be assessed |
M0 |
No distant metastasis |
M1 |
Distant metastasis |
Stage
Grouping |
Stage 0
|
Tis
|
N0
|
M0
|
Stage I
|
T1
|
N0
|
M0
|
Stage II
|
T2
|
N0
|
M0
|
Stage III
|
T1
|
N1
|
M0
|
|
T2
|
N1
|
M0
|
|
T3
|
N0
|
M0
|
|
T3
|
N1
|
M0
|
Stage IVA
|
T4
|
N0
|
M0
|
Stage IVB
|
Any T
|
N2
|
M0
|
|
Any T
|
Any N
|
M1
|
治療:
手術治療:
約僅20-30% 的膽囊癌患者可接受手術治療
Stage 0、I-laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Stage II、III-radical cholecystectomy
放射治療:
因為手術有些病人會局部復發,所以有人加上放射治療。放射治療用於手術後,發現subserosal侵犯,positive
margin或淋巴結轉移的患者,發現可以延長overall survival。放射治療也可用於無法手術的病人。
化學治療:效果不佳
膽管癌(Bile Duct Carcinoma)
前言:
膽管癌多發生於60-80歲,男性較多。
肝內膽管癌佔35%,但是預後較差,5年overall survival僅2.8%
肝外膽管癌佔65%,5年overall survival為17%
危險因子:
包括膽結石、primary sclerosing cholangitis、ulcerative colitis、肝吸蟲感染(Clonorchis
sinensis)、多囊性疾病(polycystic disease)等。
臨床表現:
90%的人有阻塞性黃疸,1/3的人有疼痛表現,其他尚有皮膚癢、胃口不好、體重下降等。
診斷:
診斷工具包括超音波、CT、MRCP和ERCP。CA199可當作患者的追蹤(follow up),也可用於PSC(primary
sclerosing cholangitis)病人是否罹患膽管癌的篩選工具(screening)。
分期:TNM Staging
for Primary Neoplasms of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
Primary Tumor
(T) |
TX
|
Primary
tumor cannot be assessed |
T0
|
No
evidence of primary tumor |
Tis
|
Carcinoma
in situ |
T1
|
Tumor
invades subepithelial connective tissue or fibromuscular layer |
T1a
|
Tumor
invades subepithelial connective tissue |
T1b
|
Tumor invades fibromuscular layer |
T2
|
Tumor invades
perifibromuscular connective tissue |
T3
|
Tumor
invades adjacent structures: liver, pancrease, duodenum, gallbladder,
colon, stomach |
Regional
Lymph Nodes (N) |
NX
|
Regional lymph
nodes cannot be assessed |
N0
|
No regional
lymph node metastasis |
N1
|
Metastasis in
cystic duct, pericholedochal and/or hilar lymph nodes (i.e.,
in the hepatoduodenal ligament) |
N2
|
Metastasis
in peripancreatic (head only), periduodenal, periportal, celiac,
and/or superior mesenteric and/or posterior pancreaticoduodenal
lymph nodes |
Distant
Metastasis (M) |
MX
|
Distant metastasis
cannot be assessed |
M0
|
No distant metastasis |
M1
|
Distant metastasis |
Stage
Grouping |
Stage 0
|
Tis
|
N0
|
M0
|
Stage I
|
T1
|
N0
|
M0
|
Stage II
|
T2
|
N0
|
M0
|
Stage III
|
T1
|
N1
|
M0
|
|
T1
|
N2
|
M0
|
|
T2
|
N1
|
M0
|
|
T2
|
N2
|
M0
|
Stage IVA
|
T3
|
Any N
|
M0
|
Stage IVB
|
Any T
|
Any N
|
M1
|
治療:
一、肝內膽管癌:
(1) Resectable:切除後若無殘餘病灶,可追蹤。若有殘餘病灶,可考
慮再切除,或放射治療,或放射治療加上化學
治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine),治療後追蹤。
(2) Unresectable:放射治療,或放射治療加上化學治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine),或cryotherapy,或radiofrequency
ablation。
(3) Metastasis:化學治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine),或臨床試驗,或支持性療法。
二、肝外膽管癌:
(1) Resectable:手術切除,若
1. negative margin-觀察或chemoradiotherapy
2. positive margin-chemoradiotherapy (5FU)
* Huskell: adjuvant 放射治療的成效各家報導不一,如EORTC認為可以延長median
survival,但是John Hopkins 的研究認為無所裨益。至於chemoradiotherapy也有人認為不比單獨放射治療好。
(2) Unresectable: 需要先作膽汁引流。然後接受chemoradiotherapy (5FU)、化學治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine)、臨床試驗或支持療法。
(3) Metastasis:膽汁引流,然後接受化學治療(5-FU或Gemcitabine)、臨床試驗、或支持療法。
|